Thook Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt

Thook Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt (Nilo-Saharan languages) aa macthok jam paan Apirïka tëcït 50-60 tïmëtïm kɔc kiir kɔ̈u ku rëër të thiääk wäär Kairi ku Kiir, agut piny Nubia, parut tɔ̈ të cït Karkarou Kiir tuɔ̈ɔ̈m thïn.

Thook aacë röt cuɔt tënë Thäi 17 alɔŋ aban cam paan Apirïka:

Gɔl cök Alijeria leer Benin alɔŋ pacuɔl, gɔl Libia leer Pankɔc Rielde kɔc Koŋo tɔ̈ ciɛl ku gɔl Ijip leer Tandhania a lɔŋ pabak. Akut kabɛ̈t ci meek pankuany ci kuɛ̈ny bei (ka ciënic Kunama, Kulïak, Songhay) Thoŋgai--aye yök tënë Thääi Yam Karou tɔ̈ Thudän ku Paguot Thudän bë lɔ rëët të yee pïu kiir lɔ thïn cï men cïï yen nyooth tök cök rinyiic Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt yen ee macthok Pan Apirïka yic--cimen agördïït kiir tɔ̈ Piɛnyliɛɛt ciɛlic.

Joseph Greenberg acë akut cäk ku kueel yene cäät riɛmic macthok athördeen thɛɛr 1963 ke cɔl thoŋ Paan Apirïka yen alaŋic thook liu Nejer-Koŋo, Aproathia ku tëdeen macthok Koithan yeen acïe rɔt ye thɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ kacït Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt aathook akut cäätrimic ŋic keek ku ka ci dupiööc thook tïŋ ëbɛ̈n thoŋkuat "Akup Greenberg" yen thook lɛɛi këc gɔ̈t paan Apirïka nyiääŋ thïn. Ayee kɔc ye wɛtde piŋ gam nadɛ̈ ke kee luɔɔi ril ku ka lëu bë looi ɣɔndɛ̈.

Keek akut pankuany Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt ë yam luɔ̈ɔ̈p yam Apirïka, cimen amatnhom Pabak Thudän aye tïŋ ke cït rɔt looi tëcït tïmëtïm 5/BC ruɔ̈ɔ̈n këc bänyda dhiɛ̈ɛ̈th amatcialëriɛmic Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt adhil nyooth këc luɔ̈p thɛɛr nhialdööt.

Guïïr atɛ̈ktɛ̈k dïït kënë aŋyoot akëc gam kɔc thook, ketɛ̈ɛ̈n Glottolog 2013 anyooth. Tɛk piny athör raancɔl Max Planck panpiööc pan Jermani, aci ye nyiɛc yen mac amɛtmɛɛt Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt gut kar pabak Thudän waar aci këër.

Lexical comparison

Starostin (2014, 2017):

Pronouns and numerals

family	language	I	thou	we	what	who	not	one	two
	Thuɔŋjäŋ	ɣɛn	yï	ɣook	ŋö	ŋa	akec	tök	rou
Berta	p-Berta	*àlì	*ŋgo	*=/a/ŋ/a/	*naN	*nda	—	*ɗuɠu-	*kolaŋ
Kunama	p-Kunama	*a-ba	*e-na	*á-; *kì-	*ay	*no	*-m-; *-n-	*él-	*baːr-
Maba	p-Maba	*a-(mɔ)	*y	*m-i	*ŋV	*na	*an	*to	*mbaːr
Fur	Fur	ka	ʓi	k-i	ka	ki	a... ba	tok	aw
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*m=ā	*m=ī ~ *ɲ=ī	*à=mā	*aɗʊ	*aɗɪ	*kʊ̄	*àlʊ̄	*irì
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*mā	*ɲī	*mǎ	*=ɗū	*=ɗī; *íē	*ì=nz-	*aɗɪ ~ *aɗ̣ɪ	*ārʸɔ̄
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*m=á	*m=í	*à=mà	*as/i/	*aɗi	*kà	*k=ànà	*s=o(C)ru
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*u=mu	*i=ni	*a=mu	*a-ʓi	*a-ɗe	*ŋgi-; *ra-	*eɗi	*=ɖ=uwe
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*m=a	*i	*ʓɛ	*ɗi	*ye	*nTe; *ale	*k=aɗe	*riyo
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*a=m=a	*u=mu	*a-ga	*a=ŋa	*a=ni; *ɓi	[*ɖi]	—	*ɓir
Central Sudanic	Aja	m=a	mu-mu	a=m=a	ɔ=ro	ɔ=ŋɔ	gu	—	bira
Central Sudanic	Birri	m=á	mu	m=áː	wa	ŋa	ɕa	ìlá	ukw=aːri
Songhay	p-Songhay	*ay ~ *agay	*ni	*yé-ɾì	*máy	*ma(-)	*si; *na	*foː	*híŋká
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*wu	*ní	*y₁-andi	*à=bí	*ndú	*bâ; *ni	*tilo	*(ì)ndí
Saharan	p-Tubu	*ta-	*n(ǝ)-	*ta-	*in=ni	*ɲa	*bV; *ni	*tǝro	*kyu
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*s₁-	*n(V)	*t-	*n-(tɪ)	*n-(aɪ)	*-ɔ ~ *-ba	*nakkɔ; *saN	*su
Koman	p-Koman	*a=ga	*a=i	*a=ma; *a=na	*tin-; *bi	*a=di	—	*ɗɛ	*sʊ-
Gule	Gule	wɔ	aː=na	á=núːk	éːdè	ɛːde	—	dì=dí-n	du=su-it
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*=da	*=ma	*kwa; *ila	*in=c-	*wod-	*=ke	*m(=)eta	*m=band
Kadu	p-Kadu	*aʔa	*oʔo	*a=ŋa; *a=yo	*m=ina	*m=at̪a	*t̪a; *aŋ	*ŋɔʈɔ; *iŋwa	*ari-a
Shabo	Shabo	tiŋ	ku	yiŋ; an	na-mbi	na-fe	be	iŋki	bab
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*ǝ-y	*e(-y)	*a-y ₁	*nWV- ₁	*ŋǝ-y ₁	*-a- ₁; *-mVn₂	*bɛy(i)r	*awr-i ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*an(-ɛta)	*in(-eta)	*a-g- ₁	*nI- ₁	*ŋɛnɛ ₁	*ŋa ₃; *(k)VRoŋ	*oɗo-i ₁	*ram(m)a ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*an-ɛ	*in-e	*a-g- ₁	*oŋ	*nɪnɛ ₁	*ŋa ₃; *-oŋ	*ɗo(-)ne ₁	*raman ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	ɛ̀ːt, č=aː-k	íːn	ìt-ìŋk	ǯík	wóɗ	ku- ~ kwa- ₄	òmò-ŋ	pèːy
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	ag	iŋa	a-gg-a ₁	nda (←ende=ha)	na(-n) ₁	ka ₄; ma ₂	doko	ari(-ga) ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*a(y) ₁	*i(y) ₁	*ay(-ga) ₁	*ɲi ₁	*ŋa ₁	*a= ₁; *wǝ(l)	*ligi; *ta(m)	*waC-; *ɖag
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*ay ₁	*í ₁	*ay-g- ₁	*(a)ŋi ₁	*ŋa ₁	*fa	*ɲala	*ar(m)-(ba)- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*n=a-n ₁	*n=ɪ-n ₁	*k=a-t̪ ₁	*ŋa-i ₁	*ŋa-nɪ ₁	*ʓa=... -ŋ ₃	*k=ɪɖ(ɔ)- ₂	*k=aro ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*wa	*i ₁	*wa-(y)i	*num	*na ₁	*-to	*ku- ~ *ka- ₃	*wari ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*a-ga ₁	*i-gi ₁	*ko	*ɗi-; *way	*min-; *Ken	*-ba ₅; *-ŋ(V) ₃	*no-	*pidaX
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*(ʔiy=)aː-(n/ɪ/) ₁	*ʔiː-(n) ₁	*ʔɔ-(n)	*ŋo ₁	*ŋa ₁	*bV ₅; *kV ₄	*kyɛl	*=rɪaw ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*(n=)a(-n/ɪ/) ₁	*ɪ-yyɔ ₁	*yi- ~ *=yoː-	*ɲɔ ₁	*ŋa ₁	*m-₂; *ɲ- ₃; *ti	*bo-; *pe-	*arɛ ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*a-ni ₁	*i-ɲ ₁	*ɛ-ɕa ₁	*ne ₁	*ŋo ~ *ŋʌ ₁	*ma ₂	*a=kɪ ₃	*ʌ=ʀi-ɛŋ ₁
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*kV-; *ay ₁	*bi	*gin; *mis	*e; *isi	*ke; *do	*n- ₃; *m- ₂	*ɛd ₂	*lɛmˀɛc

Län/Tim

family	language	bird	dog	louse	tree	leaf	meat	egg	horn	tail
	Thuɔŋjäŋ	dit	jöŋ	nyɔ̈k	tim	yär	rïŋ	tuɔŋ	tuŋ	yɔ̈l
Berta	p-Berta	*mìɕˀé	*gàlì	*ɗiːɲi	*ŋgole; *ɕˀiɕˀi	*dùːdù	*uʔuŋ	*kúlkúlú	*búlùŋ	*àbàrò
Kunama	p-Kunama	*šurk-; *eːt-	*tay-	*ɕiːl-	*èl-	*durf-	*ɲuw-	*kokin-	*giːʀ-	*šiːm-
Maba	p-Maba	*kuši	*iɲ(i)	*mese	*sʌŋge	*səŋa	*ɲu(ɲu)	*kade-m-	*gami	*ɔlu
Fur	Fur	*=ya	asa	n=ina-ŋ	kuru	d=alma-ŋ	n=iːno	*=iro-	d=olba	d=awi
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*àrī	*ɔ̀kɛ́	*òrí	*kwɛ̄	*bí	*èzā	*ɓú	*ōˀyú	*āví
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*àrɛ̀	*ìсē	*sī (*sʊ̄ ?)	*icu	*bɪ	*ìzā	*īɓī	*ōʔyó ~ *ɔ̄ʔyʊ́	*ávì
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*áríꜜ	*=esi	*=tì	*=kɪrɛ; *=wò	*=bɪ	*ɲíꜜɲíꜜ	*ɓu	*=ígá	*=ávìꜛ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*k=ari	*iɓu	*t=ɔta	*ukpa	*ibi	*ura	*iɓu	*k=aʓu	*t=aʓa
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*ʔyalɪ	*bisi	*ŋgisa	*k=aga	*mbi	*i=ɖa	*ɓU; *kaɓV	*k=aʓU	*=ila
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*sisi	*k=ɔnɔ	—	*kpi-kpi	—	[*a=ta]	*yaka; *ɓo-ɓu	*aʓa	*kuyu
Central Sudanic	Aja	weri	ɕ=ino	—	ɕi-ɕi	—	umbú	a=ʔi	deɽe	so-so
Central Sudanic	Birri	uɖa	ana	—	kpi	—	kàká	ɓʌ	uðö	tá
Songhay	p-Songhay	*kiɾo	*há(y)nsì	*gáːní	*tuguɾi	*kobto	*ham(u)	*guŋguɾi	*hilli	*ha(m)fe
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*ŋgúdò	*kə́rì	*k(=)àŋgə́sù	*k(=)èsgá	*kálú	*dâ	*ŋgə́wúl	*k(=)àŋgádì	*ŋgàv(-)ə̀rè
Saharan	p-Tubu	*kefuri	*kidi	*masko	*ekke	*kolu	*yani	*sǝli; *kuli	*yayi	*fudi
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*tarfo	*biɽi	*(ʔɛ)wɛN	*gu; *bɛgɪdʊ	[*ʔɔ(ŋ)ɣʊr]	*ʔeni	*gʊnʊ	*tɛdɪ	[*kɛrɛn]; [*teski]
Koman	p-Koman	*ɗi ~ *ɗiu	*kˀaw	*šu(kˀ)-	*čwa	*čˀe-	*Sum	*simpˀ; *om-	*kwap; *ke-	*cin
Gule	Gule	a=dadamit	aːw	ki	wɔt	—	fum	is	íːgà	sisi-n
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*mit-	*kˀawa	*sukun-	*gi-	*cˀe-n-gi	*bičˀ-	*iš-	*gi-	*ci-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*awi- ~ *wayi-	*eːra	*=it̪i	*afa; *=aːɗi	*ʈaːru	*=oːɗa	*sule	*=iːt̪o	*iːt̪i
Shabo	Shabo	holut	kaːn	nɛnna	kˀona	ɕˀaːm	há	tutukan	kˀare	sun-dum
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*kawir-ti ₁	*bǝl	*iti-di	*pǝr	*ulgi (?)	*kosi	*kumbu	*ŋǝ-ǯi ₁	*ɛːb ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*kiɓʌlli- ₁	*ʊr-ð	*iɲa-(ti) ₁	*kɛː-t(a) ₁	*ɓʌl(l)og- ₁	*iɗi(-)ŋ	*ɓʊːr- ₁	*ot̪t̪on	*kuːl- ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*kVbar₁; *šɔwa	*ro-s-	*iɲ-tyo ₁	*kɛ-to ₁	*ɓalog- ₁	*aču(k)	*bur(r)- ₁	*kˀer(ǯ-); *šɛ-	*kur- ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	tìːtòn	wár ₁	ŋɛ̀tí-ŋ	kɛ̀ː-t ₁	píːŋòn ₂	táàr	tùtù-kán	kòytɛ́	kùːl ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	karba ₁	wos ₂	šiti	kel, (*tum)	tifin-i ₃	no	war-i ₂	kel-i	dawa
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*miCˀe	*a(ː)ɖ; *kal- (?)	*ɠiɲ- ₂	*ka(y)ča; *gul-	*teːpa ₃	*oʔoɲ ₁	*ǝm-; *kol(o)-	*kuzul; *il	*pori; *rusu
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*ór	*wil ₁; *gil	*(ŋ)un- ₃	*t̪úmà	*kɔ; *lawa (?)	*kun	*dámì	*gur-t̪i	*wey- (?)
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*=awɛ ₂	*=we-	–	*marɛŋ	*kabo (?)	*ini ~ *ili ₁	*war- ₂	*kini ₂	*rɪŋ-kak
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*wegi-t	*wes-i ₂	*sin; *ɲiŋ- ₃	*ga(ː)n	*afol	*is-	*kuy-; *kob-	*ŋaw-₁; *maŋi-	*gawu- (?)
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*awa-de ₂	*iːs- ₂	*tiŋgaɣ-	*ewe	*une-	*iye ₂	*ola-	*yax-	*iːb- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*wɪɲ ₃; *dit	*gwok	*ɲwʌk- ₄	*yaːt̪ / *yɛn ₁	*yit̪	*riŋ ₃	*tɔŋ	*tuːŋ	*yip ₁; *yol
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*k̚weɲ- ₃	*=ŋɔk ₃; *ɗi-	*=ɬaɕ-; *=sɪrʊ	*k̚aye(-t-/-n-) ₁	*=k̚uy-; *=ben-₂	*ki=riŋ ₃	*k̚atɪl-	*ŋuwar-	—
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*tarɪːt	*ŋoːk ₃	*ɲɔk- ₄	*k̚eːt ₁	*sɛːŋ-	*paɲ	*buruŋ- ₁; *kɔy-	*kuyin ₂	*sarʊr
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*gʷa	*kudo; *sak	*ɠay ~ *ɠɛn ₂	*ad; *dakʷ	*kak; *rɔm	*em; *yey ₂	*ɓiɓ	*ɛb	*tisit

Body parts (upper)

family	language	head	hair	eye	ear	nose	tooth	tongue	mouth
	Thuɔŋjäŋ	nhom	nhiɛ̈m	nyɔ̈k	nyin	wum	lëc	liɛp	thok
Berta	p-Berta	*àlú	*bùs	*àrè	*ìlè	*àmúŋ	—	*kàlàː ~ *kàlèː	*ndu
Kunama	p-Kunama	*aŋan-	*kiːm-	*uw-	*ukun-	*bobon-	*may-	*ŋeːl-	*wid-
Maba	p-Maba	*kiʓi	*tofi	*kas(i)	*kɔy-	*mundu	*saTi	*=dilm-	*kana
Fur	Fur	tabu	ɲiːlu	*=uŋi	*=il-	d=ormi	d=agi	d=aːli	uto
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*ɖì	*ɓɪ	*mī	*bí	*ɔmvɔ	*sí	*l=ɛ(n)ɖa	*tī
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*ʓɔ	*ká	*ɲɪ	*bɪ	*ɔ̄ndì	*=ku	*īdà	*=cʊ̀ ~ *=cɔ̀
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*ɖùꜛ	*áwɛ́	*=ŋgɔ̀	*=bí	*=ámɔ̀ꜛ	*=kí	*=àꜛɖàꜛ	*=tíꜜ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*uɖu	*k=aɗi	*uwe	*ubi	*t=ɔŋgi	*usɛ	*k=aɖu	*uti
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*ɖɔ	*bi	*kamU	*mbi	*U=mU	*sU; *ŋaŋa	*n=ɖɛ	*ta[-ra]
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*ʓu-ʓu	*bi-bi	*mu	*mbi-mbi	*u=ŋu	*ɕe-ɕe	*n=ʓa	àkpà
Central Sudanic	Aja	ʓu-ʓu	bi-bi	i=ɲi	mi-mbi	mú-mú	u=ku	ndi-ndyi	—
Central Sudanic	Birri	ɖru	mú	mʊ	nvö	í=mɔ̀	sì	ì=nɖrɔ́	tyi
Songhay	p-Songhay	*baŋgɔ	*hambiɾi	*moy	*haŋga	*nìːnè	*hìŋè	*dèːnè	*miye
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*kə̀lâ	*ku(=)nduli	*sîm	*sə́mò	*kə́(=)nǯà	*tímì	*t(ə́)lam	*kǝyi
Saharan	p-Tubu	*da(h)u	*tọnosu	*samo	*simo	*kya	*tome	*tlǝm	*kɔi
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*tafa; *yaNV	*(w)ui; *wer	*s₁ɪN	*kɛmɛ	*sɪna ~ *sano	*margɪ; *ʔikoN	*tam(ɪ)sɪ	*ʔaː
Koman	p-Koman	*kˀup	*mbar-	*ya/y/-	*čˀe	*šʊnš	*šɛ(y)	*lɛtˀ; *tˀakal	*tˀwa
Gule	Gule	gàdé	ʔif	yaː-n	iːg-ǝn	fufa-n	seː-n	adatˀ-wai	ʔitə-n
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*ilu=kˀ/ʷ/a	*beː-	*ke-	*cˀe-	*it-	*kˀos-	*kˀo=tˀatˀ-	*=s-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*=at̪u	*awu	*=yV	*=ɛːsɔ	*=mbarɔ; *=moː	*=ki(-)ni	*=ŋaɗɔ	*=iːno
Shabo	Shabo	kˀoyi	ɕˀeːka	se	kˀiti	šona	k(ˀ)aw	handa	kaw
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*or ₁	*dɛl-	*miɲ ₁	*ulgi	*esi-ŋi; *sori-ŋ	*ɲǝl- ₁	*ɲalT- ₁	*agul ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*ɔː	*immʌ ₁	*kɛbɛr-ɛ ₂	*i-t̪a(t) ₁	*ʊŋɛ- ₁	*ɲɪgɪt ₂	*ʌgʌːt ₂	*ʊt̪ʊ(-)k ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*sab(b)-	*čˀɔrɛ	*kabar-i ₂	*ɲab-	*giroŋ	*ɲigi ₂	*kaːt ₂	*tuk ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	ɔ̀ːɗɔ̀h	àm-ùn ₁	tàːmá	wìːná ₂	ɛ́ŋɛ́-n ₁	ŋídá-n	kàɗà ₂	átó ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	kel-e	sab-i	no	tus	demo	nihi	haga	awlo
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*ola ₁	*ǯeke ₂; *sugu-	*eti	*sigi-; *win- ₂	*potor; *muː ₂	*ɲigi ₂	*kala(-di)	*Ud- ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*ɔr- ₁	*yi-	*āŋ(w)- ₃	*ɲɔgɔr-	*(a)ŋud̪-	*ŋil- ₁	*ŋal(d)- ₁; *ɔl-	*ŋal-
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*=ʊlo ₁	*ʓɛ-t̪ ₂	*=aŋ- ~ *=aɲ- ₃	*wen(-a) ₂	*=mɪn- ~ *=t̪ɪm-	*=ay-	*=kanɖɪma-	*=t̪ʊ- ~ *=ʊt̪- ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*(ŋ=)ur- ₁	*isigi-t	*emeɲ- ₁	*(ŋ=)us-	*(a=)miʓi	*ŋeʓ-	*laɲa-	*(o=)kul ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*is- ₂	*apaɣ	*aŋo- ₃	*une- ₂	*mu-ne ₂	*ɲiɣi ₂	*ɲabir-e	*uk-e ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*wiɕ ₂	*yer	*waŋ ₃	*yi-t̪ ₁	*ʔum ₂	*lak / *lɛk	*lɛ(ː)p	*t̪ɔk ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*k̚we ₂	*k̚opir-	*k̚ɔŋ- / *k̚ɔɲ- ₃	*k̚i- ₁	*k̚ume ₂	*k̚ela- ₃	*ŋaʓɛp	*kʊ=tʊk ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*met; *uːʀ ₁	*puːt	*k̚ɔːŋ ₃	*iː-t ₁	*ser-	*k̚ɛːɬ- ₃	*ŋaɬɛp	*k̚ʊːt ₂
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*ik	*sicˀ	*ɛkʷ	*bos ~ *bes	*ɲab-; *aɠat	*kʷay-	*nakˀaf; *ɛdɛɓ	*ak ₃

Body parts (other)

family	language	hand	claw (nail)	foot	heart	blood	bone
	Thuɔŋjäŋ	nhiɛ̈m	riöp	cök	puɔ̈u	riɛm	yuɔɔm
Berta	p-Berta	*tàbá	*máːɕù	*kùː	*bìɕí	*ɠápà	*kˀàːrà
Kunama	p-Kunama	*kon-	*ikiN-; *uɕum-	*mind-	*ulf-	*kokob-	*saŋ-
Maba	p-Maba	*kara	*ŋgirm-	*ǯaw; *daw-	*kuli	*fal-; *ari	*kanʓi
Fur	Fur	*=oŋa	ka(ː)ru	taːr	k=ilma	*=ewa	*=aːru
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*ɖí	*ɔ́ɲí	*pá	*ásí	*àrī	*kwà
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*ɔ̄cʊ́; *(V)θɔ́	—	*=/V/kɔ́; *=pɔ̀	*=āθí	*āžū	*=kpa
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*=tɛ́	*=ɛ́ꜜwɛ́ꜜ	*=ɔ́ꜜnzɔ́ꜜ	*=ísúꜜ	*áli	*=kpɔ̀ꜛ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*eɗi ~ *aɗi	—	*k=aru	*ɓoru	*k=otu	*ikpi
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*ʓi	*ɲal (?)	*=nɖi ~ *nʓa	*ŋguL	*ma=ma	*ɕʊŋɔ
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	[*rɛke]	*kakpi (?)	[*laga]	[*suru]	*Usa	*kpɔ-kpɔ
Central Sudanic	Aja	ruɓu	kiŋgbi	kaɕa	mágú	usa	ɕuŋgu
Central Sudanic	Birri	iɲi	=isi	uŋgba	—	ɔtɔ	kpɔ
Songhay	p-Songhay	*kambe	*boyo	*ke (← *kaw-i?)	*binɛ	*kúɾí	*biɾi
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*(N=)doko	*ŋgur-	*sî	*k(=)aɣur(ǝ)ɣǝ	*bû	*sílà
Saharan	p-Tubu	*kɔbɛ	*turkɔn(o)	*say; *digi	*aɣɔr	*gɔrɛ	*suru
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*mai	*targʊ; *ergiN	*dei; *wata	*todu	*ʔagu	*s₁iruN
Koman	p-Koman	*mbitˀ	*čˀikir	*čoŋkˀ	—	*сˀama	*swi
Gule	Gule	bitˀɛ-n	=gamaːl	suma-n	—	gɔ=ʓɔb	fiː-fi
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*el-	*kˀwa=cic-	*čog-	*kˀu=bic-	*m(=)ax-	*žok-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*=iːso	*laːka; *ŋgoro	*aw-	*=nug-	*a=rit̪o	*kuɓa
Shabo	Shabo	efu ~ ifu	seŋgi	biɕɕa	dundet	yɛrom	emenan
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*ǝsi ₁	*suŋ-di	*oy- (*os-?)	*ail-	*ǝger	*kǝsi-di
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*ʌði ₁	*vallag- ₁	*ðoː-	*ðini ₁	*ɓɪyɛ	*ammɛ- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*si(y)- ₁	*falag- ₁	*ǯagar-	*šan(-i) ₁	*ɲa(ː)ɓ-	*giɠ-
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	*ʔàrì	čò=pòlk-òy ₁	ɗèrà-n	ɓàːyè ₂	yɛ́rʊ́m	ɛ́mɛ̀-nán ₁
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	aːt	ši	bala	asim-a ₃	kito	ket-i
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*čarʸo; *as ₁	*mVsi	*luː-	*iyo; *Pon	*ɠefa(-di)	*ɠam
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*ayi ₂; *at̪a	*fál-	*kir- ₁	*t̪ilum	*úlè	*ám- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*=ɛn(-a) ₃	*=ol-	*=alwa- (?)	*om (?) ₄	*moni-	*am- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*awg-	*ŋosa-	*war	*samil- ₃	*ya-i	*kiŋa-ti
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*a-n- / *a-s- ₂	*ɲuɣ-	*eɣe-	*=omigaɣ- ₄	*tami-	*ŋay
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*ɕɪn-	*rop-; *kʊr-	*kɪːr ₁	*pyɛw- (?) ₂	*rɪm ₁	*ɕog-
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*k̚ay- ₂	—	*k̚ɛʓ- / *moko-	*taw-	*=akɔt; *rɪm- ₁	*k̚ɔyʊ
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*k̚aː-tit ₂	*pu(ː)l-; *sɪːʀ	*k̚ɛːɬ	*(mu)kuleːl	*k̚ʌrʌtiː-; *woːy-	*k̚ʌːw- ₂
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*kʷɛt; *an ₃	*kɔrɔk; *sak	*tɛgʷ	*gur	*sɛ(ʔ)	*ɔk ₂

Verbs

family	language	drink	eat	hear	die	kill
	Thuɔŋjäŋ	dek	cam	piŋ	thou	nɔ̈k
Berta	p-Berta	*méːr-	*tìŋ	*kàːl-	*múɕ-	*pi/y/-
Kunama	p-Kunama	*=no	*=ŋa	*=tik-	*=tu	*=yay-
Maba	p-Maba	*aŋ	*ɲɔ	*in-	*ɔy	*uy-
Fur	Fur	*ba	*=am	kel-am	*way	fu-
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*mbū	*ɲā	*=rí	*ɖà	*fū
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*=mbʊ̀	*ɔ̄=ɲʊ̀ ~ *ɔ̄=ɲɔ̀	*ī=rī	*=ðɛ̀	*ō=fó ~ *(ɔ)=fɪ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*=ɔmvu-ɔ	*=aɲɔ	*=ɔ̀gà	*=onzi	*=ɔfʊ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*a=mvu	*a=nu	*=ŋgɪ	*=nde	*=fu
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*à=wɛ̄ (=yɛ̄ ?)	*V=ɲʊ; *u=sa	*=wo	*=yo	*=pʊ
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*ɔ=mɔ	*ɔ=ɕɔ	*o=go	*ili	*=fu
Central Sudanic	Aja	a=mu	a=ɲ	a=yi	iri	a=pʌʔi
Central Sudanic	Birri	a=ya	ɔ=ɲɔ	ša	ayi	à=wì
Songhay	p-Songhay	*nin; *haŋ	*ŋwa	*maw	*bún	*wi
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*yá	*bú	*fàn-	*nú	*yid-
Saharan	p-Tubu	*ya	*bu	*bas-	*nɔ-s	*yid-
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*ya-	*sɛ-	*tan-	*nʊ-	*ni-
Koman	p-Koman	*pi-; *tˀob-	*šwa	*čikʰ-; *kˀeb-	*wVy	*kˀoš-
Gule	Gule	si	mə-s	gìdɛ́s	=wɔi	=tɔs
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*f/a/	*s/a/	*gas-	*š/a/	*ša-kˀ/ʷ/-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*a=wɛ	*a=ku	*=fiɲo	*a=yV	*=t̪aː-
Shabo	Shabo	wo	tˀa	ɛɕɛt	kˀo	ka
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*niː-	*kɔl- ₁	*gi(ǯ)-	*diː- ₁	*pay-ir
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*kʊɗ-	*ɗak-	*ðig- ₁	*ir- ₂	*rʊk
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*mat- ₁ / *ir-	*am- ₂ / *us-	*šig- ₁	*ɛr- ₂	*in-
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	út-	ɗám- ₃	tíy-	reː-r- ₃	ɓòkòt- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	liː- ₂	kal ₁	wo-s-; esel-	diː- ₁	si- (←*say-?)₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*maʈ- ₁	*ɲam-	*eːr-; *piŋ-	*tugir	*poz(i)
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*li ₂; *d̪a(y)i	*tam ₃ / *t̪=(k)al	*ki(l)d-	*lu- ₃	*ni
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*awɪs-	*lam-	*t̪ɔŋʷ-	*bu(l)-	*ɔt̪u
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*li- ₂	*ŋan-; *gey-	*sig- ₁	*iye-	*siy/ɲ- ₂; *yi-
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*wuɣ-	*si-	*suw- (?)	*ǝɣ(s)-	*pax- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*maːd̪- ₁	*ɕam-	*wiɲʓ-; *t̪iŋ-	*t̪ɔw- ₁	*nʌk-
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*=mat- ₁	*=ɲi-; *=am- ₂	*=niŋ-; *=yɪŋ- ₂	*twa- ₁; *yɛ-	*=ar
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*ʀɛ ₂	*am ₂	*iːɲ ₂; *kas	*mɛːʀ	*par-; *nuːs-
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*wɛt	*n(V)kʼ-; *gab-	*Nis-	*ɲal-; *geɕ-	*kɛy-

Ŋiɛ̈ckanhial/Piööckätöupiny

family	language	sun	moon	star	water	rain	stone	smoke	fire	ashes
	Thuɔŋjäŋ	akɔ̈l	pɛɛi	kuel	piu	deŋ	kuɔ̈r	-	mac	col
Berta	p-Berta	*mù(n)ʓú	*ʓìgì	*íʒ́ù	*pèrì	*rôː	*bèlè	*ɗùːtà	*mû	*bùbùdà
Kunama	p-Kunama	*uw-	*teːʀ-	*šund-	*bi-	*ŋoːr-	*ug-	*duːd-	*tom-	*(h)ay-na
Maba	p-Maba	*aɲi-ŋ-	*aɲi-ɛ-	*kɛyɛ	*s₁aː	*s₁aː	*komʌ	*uruŋi	*nusʊ	*ʔawun
Fur	Fur	d(=)ule	d=uwal	wiri	k=oro	kwi	d=ito	suːl	*utu	diː
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*ìtú	*ìmbā	*ɓɪɓɪ	*igi	*ɔ̄zɛ̄; *ɓu	*írà; *óní	*kà	*ācí	*ɔ̄=fò
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*āʒ́ī	*àbī	*ʒ́ʊ̄; *lī	*ɪɗa	*īʓē	*ōʓū	*ɪkɔ	*k=àzʊ̄	*ōhū
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*=iko	*=aŋgwɛ	*=tulu	*=gwò	*=k=ʊma	*=óꜜpíꜜ	*=kɔ	*=ago	*ápùꜛ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*Oyi	*t=imba	*r=iɓi ~ *ɓi-ɓi	*uwe	*t=iɓo	*k=ina	*t=enu	*akɔ	*t=ɛdu
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*k=aɖa	*napay ~ *lapay	*KɛL-	*m=anɛ	*n=ɖi	*ku	*sa	*paɗʊ	*buru
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*=aʓa	*ɕe-ɕe	*ɛpɛ	*u=yu	*n=ʓi	*aŋba	*ka-ka	*oɕo	*reka
Central Sudanic	Aja	k=údyò	kápá	ŋgʌ́dʌ́	ɓa-ɓa	ɓa-ɓa	gìsí	kó-kó	uɕa	kuku
Central Sudanic	Birri	uɖrà	áfí	daŋgi	wu	n=ɖri	aŋbà	ka-ka	usi	kuvu-tu
Songhay	p-Songhay	*wayn-i/o	*handi/u	*hand-aɾi	*(h)áɾí	*kiliŋgi	*tóndì	*dullu	*nunE; *huɾu	*bóːsí
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*kǝ(=)ŋgâl	*kə́=mbàl	*sim-logu	*ŋgî	*dùr-o	*k(=)âu	*k(=)àngê	*k(=)ánnú	*buː
Saharan	p-Tubu	*ize	*awri	*teski	*(i)yi	*ŋeli	*emi	*ǝzzi	*wuni	*tifi; *wuni-
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*ʔɪdɔN(V)	*wɛrɪ	*maːr	*bi	*mVzVN; *bodu	*fa; *wi	*gɛnǯʊ; *do	*y(i)e; *aza	*sobu
Koman	p-Koman	*tay	*ɕˀiawan	*kɛl	*ayi ~ *yiʔi	—	*ɔš	*kuɗ	*antˀ; *watˀi	*pˀiki-n
Gule	Gule	taʔ	àyún	kèːlú	aːye	rus	ɔf	ʓurɛd	kəs	ufu-n
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*ok-	*ɓigi-	*biːž-	*ay-	*dam-	*giš-	*ɗakˀ/ʷ/-	*m(=)angi	*=of-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*aya	*t̪arɛ	*=at̪iki	*ɓiːt̪i	*=fVɗɔ; *ni	*=isi ~ *=usi	*ʈiːko	*isi	*=ʈoːlo
Shabo	Shabo	oka	kasip	roːga	wo	ɗimu	maːna	ɕˀimbu	ɕ(ˀ)uwa	punkˀa
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*maša(l); *eːs-	*(ɲ)un-	*waɲe (*oɲe?) ₁	*ǝs-ti	*are ₁	*kuli	*gume-di	*usi-gi ₁	*ubur-ti ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*iː; *kɔr	*ɲɛlɔ-k	*muɲuɲ- ₂	*maːm ₁	*ta(m)mu	*ɓɛy-	*ɓure-t ₁	*gu-o ₂	*bur ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*sus	*tagi-s(i)	*muɲuɲ- ₂	*ma ₁	*guy-ot ₂	*bay-i	*ɓure- ₁	*gu- ₂	*bur ₁
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	wàwì, ? iɗi	ɛ̀ːyɛ̀n ₁	màrìò-n	máːw ₁	tùl	gìɗè	tɔ̀ːr ₂	má(-)ɗ ₃	tàɗàpù ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	kos	feta	wini ₁	mba ₁	hala	tan-e	asuru	ši(-)ta ₁	hib(-)id
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*biːdi; *tel	*turi; *aguwa	*mbaǯU(rʸ)	*pe- ₂; *či	*koyi ₂	*mi(d); *pela	*purʸu ₁; *ɲugu	*moʔa ₃	*tudo ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*ɲiŋ	*k(e)wur	*midi	*bɔ́ŋ	*ar-iŋ- ₁	*mid-; *mVr-	*ŋɛši; *los-	*mér	*fin(-)an
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*n(ɪ)=onu(-k)	*kaw	*ɖuli- ₃	*=mʊŋ	*n̚o(-)k	*kʊrɛ-t̪	*kɪ=t̪ʊmʊ(-k)	*paɖɪŋ	*ul(u)- ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*ari	*ayi(-wi)- ₁	*miɲ- ₂	*kaːl	*ar ₁; *ŋoːri	*kad-	*turu- ₂	*usg- ₁	*or-ŋo ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*uɣoŋ-e	*asime-ɣe	*ɲeŋ-	*ama ~ *uma ₁	*koɣ-	*ŋaɲ	*lug-e	*maːse ₃	*usuku-
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*ɕʌŋ	*pay	*kwɛl ₄; *ɕɛːr	*piː ~ *piw ₂	*kɔt̪	*pʌːm; *kid-	*yir- ₃; *tol	*maːɕ ₃	*buːr ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*k̚ɔlɔŋ	*ɬapaɬ	*k̚akɛr-	*pi ₂	*k̚uʓ-	*mɔr-	*puri- ₁	*kɪ=ma ₃	*k̚uri-o- ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*asɪːs ~ *asɛːt	*ɬeː-ta	*mɛːŋ ₂; *k̚ɔkɛl ₄	*peʀ-	*rɔːp	*kɔʀ	*iːʀ ₃	*ma ₃	*ɔr- ₃
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*gi; *pet	*aragʷan; *asan	*ɗɔɬ- ₃	*kʷɪɛh	*war; *didi	*gʷas; *sɔg	*cˀud; *ar	*dakʷ; *cˀaɗ	*ukʷ; *kaw-

Adjectives and others

family	language	black	night	new	dry	name
	Thuɔŋjäŋ	col	wɛr	nyal	buoŋ	rin
Berta	p-Berta	*mìlí	*kabi	—	*kòɕàl-	*kùː
Kunama	p-Kunama	*um-	—	*taːm-	*=lab-	*kiːd-
Maba	p-Maba	*du(ː)	*ise	*ŋɔndi	*bǝy	*meli
Fur	Fur	diko	luːl	=iwwo	futto	k=ona
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*i=ni	*ŋgákī	*ɗí	*ʔʷī	*rú
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*tì	*īkū	*ɔ̄=wʊ́	*=ʔyù	*ɔðɔ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*=ɛkʊ	*=k=ìꜛnìꜛ	*=adi	*=onɖu; *=ɛŋgɔ	*=rʊ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*=sa	*ɓoku	*=ɓu	*o=nɖi	*aɓɛ
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*=lu	*nɖɔ	*i=ʒ́i	*tutu; *àfā	*ri ~ *ro
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*=iri	*nʓo-nʓo	[*raŋi]	*=aŋa; *=iši	*=iri
Central Sudanic	Aja	iri	—	reɓe	ɔŋgko	k=iri
Central Sudanic	Birri	=nɖi	ʌtyí	žya	—	iri
Songhay	p-Songhay	*bi	*kigi(ni)	*tagi	*koːg-	*man
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*čə́lə́m	*búné	*bə̀lîm	*ŋgâm-	*čû
Saharan	p-Tubu	*yasku	*dọgọso	*eski	*ŋkyor-	*kyu; *čero
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*mɪ̃ɛ̃	*gɪnɪ	*ʔɪm(m)ʊ	*kʊya-	*ʔɛtʊr
Koman	p-Koman	*cˀi-; *šwala-	*cˀin-	*ʒɪs	*kut̪ˀ	—
Gule	Gule	arwu-	kə=səmsi	—	=gɔʓ-	—
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*=xiː-	*=gak/ʷ/-	*kike-	*=keʔe-	*cˀe-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*=ɗu; *=luːɲ-	*=oːso	*=t̪iki	*a=rumɛ	*yarɛ ~ *ɛrɛ
Shabo	Shabo	ɕˀiN	depu	kˀina	iːɕˀi; sˀoto	wɔŋga-
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*ud(m)-	*awar ₁; *kol	*ɛːr ₁	*sow/y-₁; *siː-	*ǝri
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*kolli ₁	*ɓʌl- ₂	*čʊla(-)k (?)	*=ɗɔɗɔg- ₂	*ðaːra ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*kɔrɔy ₁	*bar- (*ɓ-) ₂	*čagi	*ɗɔrɔgɔ- ₂	*sarya ₁
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	kɔ̀yʊ́ŋ	káːy ₃	(ìn)tɔ̀ːn	pàːlkíŋ ₃	tíríyá
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	sur-ku ₂	kiše	wor-ku	dise-gu	a(ː)d-e ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*oro; *du	*kay ₃; *oro	*yaː-	*kekebe; *am-	*sa(C)a-
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*=bī-	*t̪únì	*ɲɛr-	*far- ₃	*aŋɛ- ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*=ʈuʈi-	*=ʓoni	*=ŋan ₂	*raːri	*kalɪŋ
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*kidi-	*war ₁	*(a)suw-	*lab-	*(ŋ=)at ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*ʒ́ul ₂	*woŋ-	*taʓ-	*ka=maːs	*aŋg-e ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*ɕɔːl ₂	*wʌːr ₁	*ɲʌːn ₂	*t̪wɔ ₄	*rɪn ₄
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*=rwɔ-	*k̚ɛwar(-ɪ) ₁	*=ŋeʓu-;*lʊdʊ-	*=toy- ₄	*k̚arɪn ₄
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*tʊʀ	*aw- (*aʀ-)	—	*yaːm	*k̚aʀɪn ₄
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*im-; *buɗam	*mir-; *muk-	*eruc (?) ₁	*cai-	*(y)ed ₂